Gene transfer or DNA uptake process that specific piece of DNA (usually a foreign gene inserted in the bacterial plasmid) into the cells to enter. In plant breeding, gene transfer techniques related to sexual and vegetative reproduction through the common are well. The purpose of these techniques, genetic variation in plant communities, selection of superior plant genes controlling desirable traits and preserve diversity of plant varieties is Using conventional breeding techniques, advances dramatically improve crop yield in the field has been made. However, these techniques are time consuming. In recent years, plant biotechnology rich source of innovation and creativity to solve problems old and new solution provides. Therefore, in this paper that present and future savings - eye gene transfer in crop improvement consideration.

Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L. ) is an important winter leafy vegetable with high nutritional values. Its seeds are used as spices and the whole plant is used in many home remedies and medicines throughout the world. Its foliage and seed productivity is much low in the region. Plant growth regulators (PGRs) and vitamin (riboflavin) are exogenously applied chemicals for enhancement of plant productivity. For this purpose, 50 mmol L -1 treatments of indole acetic acid, gibberellic acid, and riboflavin were applied on fenugreek variety Kasuri Methi. Results showed that GA3 and indole-3-acetic acid significantly enhanced the root and shoot development, foliage growth and ions concentrations in shoot and root, and peroxidase dismutase (POD) and catalases (CAT) activities at seedling and vegetative stages. PGRs also increased the pod and seed yield of fenugreek. Riboflavin did not show any significant effect on fenugreek except that it increased the antioxidant activities at seedling stage. GA3 was more effective as compared with IAA for the enhancement of biomass production, yield, and biochemical attributes of fenugreek. It was determined that indole acetic acid and gibberellic acid can be used to enhance the foliage biomass production and yield but GA3 is superior over IAA in fenugreek. These outcomes can be useful for economic benefits with high production of this leafy vegetable. -1

Crop models are suitable for simulation of crop yield by different scenarios of deficit irrigation and salinity. In this research, the AquaCrop model was evaluated to simulate the soybean grain yield and biomass under different levels of salinity and deficit irrigation in Gorgan County during 2011 and 2012 growing seasons. The model was calibrated by experimental data of 2011 and validated with data of 2012. The experiment included three irrigation levels of 100%, 75% and 55% water requirement and three salinity levels of 0.7, 5 and 10 dS/m. Statistical indices of the results of validated model including RMSE, E, and d for grain yield were 0.225 ton/ha, 0.88 and 0.97, respectively, and for biomass, they were 0.718 ton/ha, 0.77 and 0.95, respectively. Results showed that grain yield decreased with decrease in the amount of irrigation water and increase in salinity level. Further analysis showed that the sensitivity of AquaCrop model to the canopy decline coefficient (CDC) was more than the other parameters at senescence and maximum canopy cover stages.

Crop Simulation models are used for water management in farms and are widely used for optimization of water use efficiency. AquaCrop model, developed by FAO, is based on yield response to water. Compared to other similar models, AquaCrop requires fewer input parameters. The objective of this study was evaluation of this model for barley under deficit irrigation in Pakdasht region. The experiment was done in 2014-15 growing season and included three irrigation treatments and three sowing dates. The irrigation treatments included full irrigation and two treatments of 80% and 60 percent of full irrigation. Sowing dates included early, normal, and late planting. Comparing the estimated values of AquaCrop model and measured values showed that the model is well capable of simulating the barley biomass production. Average R2, RMSE and MBE for the comparison between measured and estimated values were calculated to be 0.96, 8.4 %, and 2.6 %, respectively.

Iran is a country with an average rainfall of about one third of the world's average rainfall, and is severely under water due to water resources. Therefore, improvement of water use efficiency based on production in agricultural sector is very important. In this regard, the simulation of plant growth stages and, as a result of the need for forecasting, will result in better planning and more efficient management in the production process.Nowadays, tools are needed to help irrigation system designers to optimize irrigation water management in agriculture; Therefore, the FAO, with the development of the Aqua Crop model, provides these essential management tools for the various agricultural sectors necessary; In this research, Aqua Crop plant model was used for water requirement of barberry cultivars. For this purpose, inputs to the model include meteorological, vegetation data, irrigation management, farm management, soil characteristics, simulation time period, and initial conditions in the field. The survey of water requirement zonation map indicates that, considering the climatic conditions, the climate of the northern regions of the country, despite the fact that it is not recommended for the cultivation of barberry, is the least water requirement in comparison with other regions of the country. The provinces of Khorasan Razavi, North and South, which are the best places to grow barberry at the moment, and the major production of barberry in these areas, are higher than other areas in need of water. The northern parts of the country also have a moderate water requirement.

Acclimation of plants to stress conditions depends upon activation of cascade of signaling networks involved in stress perception. Adjustment of antioxidant system to conserve a balance between the detoxification of reactive oxygen species and their production to preserve them at signaling level has been previously documented. Recently, the role of triazolic compounds like penconazole, paclobutrazole, triadimefon, and hexaconazole in the regulation of metabolic network under stress conditions emerge through crosstalk between chemical signaling pathways. Thus, stress signaling and metabolic balance are important areas with respect to increasing crop yield in adverse environmental conditions. This review outlines the recent advances on improvement in stress resistance by various triazolic compounds, aiming to identify new mechanisms of stress tolerance, and therefore, to contribute to sustainable crop yield under stress to bring some potential practical utilization in the future.